Publications of Dr Watchman

Book chapters:

Book reviews:

Journal articles:
Refereed articles as sole author
  1. WATCHMAN, A. 2004. Minimum age for a petroglyph on a boulder of significance in southern Kakadu National Park, Northern
    Territory, Australia.  Rock Art Research 21, 187-195.
  2. WATCHMAN, A. 2004. Dating Kezar pictograms. Rock Art Research 21, 183-186.
  3. WATCHMAN, A. 2002. The impacts of dust on rock art sites in northern Australia. Proceedings of the conference L’art avant l’
    histoire: la conservation de l’art préhistorique, pp. 25-34. SFIIC, Champs sur Marne, France.
  4. WATCHMAN, A. 2001. Wargata Mina to Gunbilmurrung: the direct dating of Australian rock art, in A. Anderson, I. Lilley and S. O’
    Connor (eds), Histories of Old Ages: Essays in honour of Rhys Jones, pp. 313-325. Pandanus Books, Research School of
    Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra.
  5. WATCHMAN, A. 2001. Dating oxalate minerals in rock surface deposits. In M. Jones and P. Sheppard (eds), Proceedings
    Australasian Archaeometry Conference, pp. 404-411. February 2001, Auckland.
  6. WATCHMAN, A.L. 2000. A review of the history of rock varnish dating. Earth Science Reviews 49, 261-277.
  7. WATCHMAN, A. 2000. Micro-excavation and laser extraction methods for dating carbon in silica skins and oxalate crusts. In G.K.
    Ward and C. Tuniz (eds), Advances in dating Australian rock-markings, pp. 35-39. Occasional AURA Publication 10.
  8. WATCHMAN, A. 1999. Protocols for reporting the age estimates of rock art. In P. Bahn and M. Strecker (eds) Dating the oldest
    rock art, pp1-3. Oxbow, Oxford.
  9. WATCHMAN, A. 1999. A review of the history of dating rock varnishes. Earth-Science Reviews 49, 261-277.
  10. WATCHMAN, A. 1998. Some observations on the radiocarbon and cosmogenic isotope dating of petroglyphs, Foz C*a, Portugal.
    Antiquity 72, 197-200.
  11. WATCHMAN, A. 1998. Composition and source of dust on Split Rock paintings, Australia. Rock Art Research 15(1), 36-40.
  12. WATCHMAN, A. 1997. Dating the Kimberley rock paintings. In Aboriginal Rock Art of the Kimberley.  Occasional paper No. 1. K.F.
    Kenneally, M.R. Lewis, M. Donaldson and C. Clement (eds) pp. 39-46.  Kimberley Society, Perth, Western Australia.
  13. WATCHMAN, A. 1996. Assessing the condition of prehistoric rock art sites for heritage management plans. Proceedings of the
    Second ICAHM International Conference, ICOMOS International Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management, Montr*al,
    October 1994, pp. 293-302.
  14. WATCHMAN, A. 1996. A review of the theory and assumptions in the AMS dating of the Foz Côa petroglyphs, Portugal. Rock Art
    Research 13(1), 21-30.
  15. WATCHMAN, A. 1995. Recent petroglyphs, Foz Côa, Portugal. Rock Art Research 12(2), 104-108.
  16. WATCHMAN, A. 1994. Radiocarbon dating fatty acids in Holocene siliceous rock surface accretions. Australian Journal of Earth
    Sciences 41, 179-180.
  17. WATCHMAN, A. 1993. Evidence of a 25,000-year-old pictograph in northern Australia. Geoarchaeology 8(6), 465-473.
  18. WATCHMAN, A. 1993. The use of laser technology in rock art dating. The Artefact 16, 39-45.
  19. WATCHMAN, A. 1993. Focused laser extraction of carbonaceous substances for AMS radiocarbon dating (FLECS-AMS). In J
    Steinbring and A. Watchman (eds) Time and Space, Melbourne, Occasional AURA Publication No. 8, Australian Rock Art
    Research Association.
  20. WATCHMAN, A. 1993. Perspectives and potentials for absolute dating rock paintings.  Antiquity 67, 58-65.
  21. WATCHMAN, A.1993. More information about South Australian cation-ratio dates. Rock Art Research 10,40.
  22. WATCHMAN, A. 1992. Doubtful dates for Karolta engravings. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1, 51-55.
  23. WATCHMAN, A. 1992. Investigating the cation-ratio calibration curve: evidence from South Australia. Rock Art Research 9(2),
    106-110.
  24. WATCHMAN, A. 1992. Repainting or periodic-painting at Australian Aboriginal sites: evidence from rock surface crusts.  In G.K.
    Ward (ed) Retouch: Maintenance and conservation of Aboriginal rock imagery, pp 26-30. Australian Rock Art Research
    Association Occasional Publication 5, Melbourne.
  25. WATCHMAN, A. 1992. Composition, formation and age of some Australian silica skins. Australian Aboriginal Studies 1, 61-66.
  26. WATCHMAN, A. 1992. Comment on ‘Cation leaching sites in rock varnish.’ Geology 20, 1050.
  27. WATCHMAN, A. 1991. Age and composition of oxalate-rich crusts in the Northern Territory, Australia. Studies in Conservation 36
    (1), 24-32.
  28. WATCHMAN, A. 1990. A summary of oxalate-rich crusts in Australia. Rock Art Research 7, 44-50.
  29. WATCHMAN, A. 1990. What are silica skins and how are they important in rock art conservation? Australian Aboriginal Studies
    1, 21-29.
  30. WATCHMAN, A. 1990. Rassegna delle croste ricche in ossalato rinvenute in Australia. Arkos 9/10, 11-18 (in Italian).
  31. WATCHMAN, A. 1989. New clocks on old rocks: dating Dreamtime art. Australian Natural History 23(3), 243-247.
  32. WATCHMAN, A.L.  1989. Comment on "Age determination for rock varnish formation within petroglyphs: cation-ratio dating of 24
    motifs from the Olary region, South Australia." Rock Art Research 6, 65-66.
  33. WATCHMAN, A. 1987. Preliminary determinations of the age and composition of mineral salts on rock art surfaces in the
    Kakadu National Park. In W.R. Ambrose and J.M.J. Mummery (eds), Archaeometry: further Australasian studies, pp. 36-42.
    Department of Prehistory, A.N.U., Canberra.
  34. WATCHMAN, A.L. 1985. Mineralogical analysis of silica skins covering rock art. In Jones, R.(ed), Archaeological Research in
    Kakadu National Park. Australian National Parks & Wildlife Service Special Publication 13, 281-289.
  35. WATCHMAN, A.  1979.  Petrology of greenstone quarries and their products. In McBryde, I. Petrology and prehistory: lithic
    evidence for exploitation of stone resources and exchange systems in Australia. In McKClough, T.H. and W.A. Cummins (eds),
    Stone Axes, Studies CBA Research Report 23, 122-126.












Refereed paper as a joint author
  1. ARSENAULT, D., L. GAGNON, C.A. MARTIJN and A. WATCHMAN 1995. Le projet Nisula: recherche pluridisciplinaire autour d’un
    site à pictogrammes (DeEh-1) en Haute-Côte-Nord. Archaéologies québécoises, série Paléo-Québec, 23, 17-57. Montréal:
    Recherches amérindiennes au Québec.
  2. AUBERT, M., A. WATCHMAN, D. ARSENAULT and L. GAGNON 2004. Rupestrian archaeology of the Canadian Shield:
    archaeometric potential. Canadian Journal of Archaeology.
  3. BARKER, B., K. SALE and A. WATCHMAN 1997. Authentication of rock art in the Whitsunday Islands, Queensland, Australia.
    Rock Art Research 14, 113-123.
  4. COLE, N. and A.L. WATCHMAN 1992. Painting with plants: Investigating fibres in Aboriginal rock paintings at Laura, north
    Queensland. Rock Art Research 9, 27-36.
  5. COLE, N. and A.L. WATCHMAN 1993. Blue paints in prehistory. Rock Art Research 10, 58-61.
  6. COLE, N.A. and A.L. WATCHMAN 1996. Archaeology of white hand stencils of the Laura Region, North Queensland (Australia).
    Techne 3, 82-90.
  7. COLE, N., and A.L. WATCHMAN 2005. AMS dating of rock art in the Laura Region, Cape York Peninsula, Australia – protocols
    and results of recent research. Antiquity 79, 661-678.
  8. COX, G., A. WATCHMAN and K. BLAKE 2001. Paint and slip compositions of Central Province pottery, Papua New Guinea.
    Proceedings 32nd Archaeometry Conference, May 2000, Mexico City, Mexico.
  9. COX, G., A. WATCHMAN, K. BLAKE and S. NESS 2001. Beyond the pale: preliminary conclusions on pottery surfaces from
    Central Province, Papua New Guinea. In M.Jones (ed) Proceedings Australasian Archaeometry Conference, February 2001,
    Auckland.
  10. DAVID, B. and A. WATCHMAN 1991. Fern Cave, Rock Art and Social Formations: Rock Art Regionalism and Demographic
    Models in Southeastern Cape York Peninsula. Archaeology in Oceania 26(2), 41-57.
  11. DAVID, B., J. BRAYER, I. J. McNIVEN and A. WATCHMAN 2001. Why digital enhancement of rock paintings works: rescaling and
    saturating colours. Antiquity 75, 781-792.
  12. FORD, B. and A. WATCHMAN 1990. Art on the rocks. New Scientist 1724, 21-25.
  13. HUGHES, P.J. and A.L. WATCHMAN 1983. The deterioration, conservation and management of rock art sites in Kakadu
    National Park. In Gillespie, D.A., (ed.), The rock art sites of Kakadu National Park- some preliminary research findings for their
    conservation and management. Australian National Parks & Wildlife Service Special Publication 10, 37-82.
  14. HUGHES, P.J., A.L. WATCHMAN and M.E. SULLIVAN 1981. Conservation of the Mount Cameron West engraving site. Papers
    Proceedings Royal Society Tasmania 115, 211-222.
  15. LLOSAS, M.H., A. WATCHMAN and J. SOUTHON 1998. Fechado absoluto y analisisde los pigmentos para las pinturas
    rupestres de Pintoscayoc. Estudios Sociales del NOA, a*o2, No 1, 31-58 (in Spanish).
  16. LLOSAS, M.H., A. WATCHMAN and J. SOUTHON 1999. Pigment analysis and absolute dating of rock paintings from Jujuy,
    Argentina. In M. Strecker and P. Bahn (eds) Dating and the earliest known rock art, pp. 67- 74. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
  17. HUYGE, D., A. WATCHMAN, M. DE DAPPER and E. MARCHI 2001. Dating Egypt's Oldest `Art': AMS 14C Age Determinations of
    Rock Varnishes Covering Petroglyphs at El-Hosh (Upper Egypt). Antiquity 75(287), 68-72.
  18. HUYGE, D., M. DE DAPPER, D. DEPRAETERE, M. ISMAIL, E. MARCHI, R. MOMMAERTS, I. REGULSKI and A. WATCHMAN 1998.
    Hilltops, silts and petroglyphs: The fish hunters of El-Hosh (Upper Egypt). Bulletin des MusJes Royaux d'art et d'histoire 69, 97-
    113.  
  19. MARDAGA-CAMPBELL, M., A. WATCHMAN and J. CAMPBELL 2001. On the rocks and buried: comparative assessment of the
    mineralogical, geochemical and archaeological evidence at Walkunder Arch, Chillagoe, north-east Australia. In M. Jones and P.
    Sheppard (eds), Proceedings Australasian Archaeometry Conference, pp. 197-211. February 2001, Auckland.
  20. MAZEL, A. and A.L. WATCHMAN 1997. Accelerator radiocarbon dating of Natal Drakensberg paintings: results and implications.
    Antiquity 71, 445-449.
  21. MAZEL, A.D. and A.L. WATCHMAN. 2003. Dating the rock paintings in the uKhahlamba-Drakensberg and the Biggarsberg,
    KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Southern Africa Humanities 15, 59-73.
  22. McBRYDE, I. and A.L. WATCHMAN 1976. The distribution of greenstone axes in south east Australia. Mankind 10(3), 163-174.
  23. McBRYDE, I and A.L. WATCHMAN 1993.  "...lost in the Sirius...": Consideration of the provenance of the hatchet head recovered
    from the Sirius wreck site, Norfolk Island.  In Lambert, R., and B. Meehan (eds), F.D. McCarthy Special Volume, Sydney,
    Australian Museum.
  24. MORWOOD, M.J., G.L. WALSH and A. WATCHMAN 1994. The dating potential of rock art in the Kimberley, N.W. Australia. Rock
    Art Research 11(2), 79-87.
  25. MOWALJARLAI, D. and A.L. WATCHMAN 1989. An Aboriginal view of rock art management. Rock Art Research 6(2), 151-153.
  26. NEEDHAM, R.S., P.G. SMART and A.L. WATCHMAN 1974. A reinterpretation of the geology of the Alligator Rivers Uranium Field,
    N.T. Search 5(8), 397-399.
  27. NEEDHAM, R.S., P.G. SMART and A.L. WATCHMAN 1975. Progress report, Alligator River Party, N.T. 1972 (Oenpelli Region).
    Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, Record 1975/39.
  28. NEEDHAM, R.S., P.G. WILKES, P.G. SMART and A.L. WATCHMAN 1973. Alligator Rivers Region environmental fact-finding
    study, geological and geophysical reports. Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, Record 1973/208.
  29. SALE, K.M. and A. WATCHMAN, A. 1993. Pigment Analysis at Nara Inlet Rock Art Site, Hook Island, Whitsunday Group, Far North
    of Queensland. Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies and Queensland National Parks and Wildlife
    Service.
  30. SMART, P.G., P.G. WILKES, R.S., NEEDHAM and A.L. WATCHMAN 1975. Geology and Geophysics of the Alligator Rivers
    Region. In C.L. Knight (ed) Economic Geology of Australia and Papua New Guinea. 1, Metals. Australasian Insitute of Mining
    and Metallurgy, Monograph Series No. 5, 285-301.
  31. STEINBRING, J., A. WATCHMAN, P. FAULSTICH and P.S.C. TAGON (eds), Time and Space: Dating and spatial considerations
    in rock art research, pp. 74-77. Occasional AURA Publication,
  32. TUNIZ, C. and A. WATCHMAN 1994. The ANTARES AMS spectrometer.  Accelerators and lasers for dating rock art in Australia.
    Rock Art Research 11(1), 71-73.
  33. WARD, I., C. PATTERSON and A. WATCHMAN 1999. The Environment and Condition of Multi-Layered Aboriginal Paintings at
    Kennedy-A in the Wet Tropics, North Queensland. Rock Art Research 16(1), 25-35.
  34. WARD, I., A. WATCHMAN, N. COLE and M. MORWOOD 2001. Identification of Minerals in Pigments from Aboriginal Rock Art in
    the Laura and Kimberley Regions, Australia. Rock Art Research 18(1), 15-23.
  35. WATCHMAN, A.L. and J.B. CAMPBELL 1996. Micro-stratigraphic analyses of laminated oxalate crusts in northern Australia.
    Proceedings, 22nd International Symposium, The Oxalate Films in the Conservation of Works of Art, pp. 409-422. Milan, March
    1996.
  36. WATCHMAN, A.L. and N. COLE 1992. Accelerator radiocarbon dating of plant-fibre binders in rock paintings from northeastern
    Australia. Antiquity 67, 355-358.
  37. WATCHMAN, A.L., B., DAVID, I., MCNIVEN and  J. FLOOD 2000. Micro-archaeology of engraved and painted rock surface crusts
    at Yiwaralarlay (The Lightning Brothers site), Northern Territory, Australia.  Journal of Archaeological Science 27, 315-325.
  38. WATCHMAN, A., J. FLOOD and C. CHIPPINDALE 2004. Dating of rock images in Wardaman Country, Northern Territory,
    Australia. Rock Art Research 21, 173-182.
  39. WATCHMAN, A.L., and R. FREEMAN  1978. Trace element analysis of Aboriginal greenstone axes, Victoria.  Proceedings Royal
    Society Victoria 90, 271-281.
  40. WATCHMAN, A., M DE LA L. GUTIERREZ, and M. HERNANDEZ LLOSAS 2002. Giant murals of Baja California: new regional
    archaeological perspectives. Antiquity 76, 947-948.
  41. WATCHMAN, A. and E. HATTE 1996. A nano approach to the study of rock art: 'The Walkunders', Chillagoe, north Queensland,
    Australia. Rock Art Research 13(2), 85-92.
  42. WATCHMAN, A. and R. JONES 1998. Dating rock images in the tropical monsoon region of northern Australia. Australian
    Aboriginal Studies 1998/2, 64-70.
  43. WATCHMAN, A. and R. JONES 2002. An independent confirmation of the 4ka antiquity of a beeswax figure in western Arnhem
    Land, Northern Territory. Archaeometry 44, 145-153.
  44. WATCHMAN, A. and R. LESSARD 1993. Focused laser extraction of carbonaceous substances for AMS radiocarbon dating
    (FLECS-AMS), pp. 74-77.  In J. Steinbring and A. Watchman (eds), Time and Space, Occasional AURA Publication, Melbourne.
  45. WATCHMAN, A.L., R.A. LESSARD, A.J.T. JULL, L.J. TOOLIN and W. BLAKE Jnr 1993. 14C dating of laser-oxidized organics.
    Radiocarbon 35(2), 331-333.
  46. WATCHMAN, A., S. O’CONNOR and R. JONES 2004. Dating Oxalate Minerals 20-45 ka. Journal of Archaeological Science 32,
    369-374.
  47. WATCHMAN, A. and A. PADGETT 2002. Authentication of an historic painting at the Santa Ines Mission, California.  In R. Van
    Grieken, K. Janssens, L. Van't dack and G. Meersman (eds) Non-destructive Testing and Microanalysis for the Diagnostics and
    Conservation of the Cultural and Environmental Heritage, pp 1-7.  Proceedings 7th International Conference, art 2002, 2-6 June
    2002, Antwerp.  University of Antwerp.
  48. WATCHMAN, A., C. PATTERSON and A. McNICHOL 2005. Dating BCS rock art at the Great Gallery, Canyonlands, Utah. Utah
    Rock Art 24, 1-12.
  49. WATCHMAN, A., SALE, K. and HOGUE, K. 1995. Conservation of the Rendezvous Creek and Nursery Swamp 2 Aboriginal
    paintings sites, Namadgi National Park, ACT. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 1, 25-31.
  50. WATCHMAN, A., J. SIROIS and N. COLE 1993. Mineralogical examination of Aboriginal rock-painting pigments near Laura,
    North Queensland. In B.L. Fankhauser and J.R. Bird (eds) Archaeometry: Current Australasian Research, Occasional Papers in
    Prehistory No. 22, Department of Prehistory, A.N.U., 141-150.
  51. WATCHMAN, A.L., P. TAÇON, R., FULLAGAR and L. HEAD 2000. Minimum ages for pecked rock markings from Jinmium,
    northwestern Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 35, 1-10.
  52. WATCHMAN, A.L. and C.R. TWIDALE 2002. Relative and ‘absolute’ dating of land surfaces. Earth Science Review 58, 1-49.
  53. WATCHMAN. A., I. WARD, R. JONES and S. O’CONNOR 2001. Spatial and compositional variations within finely laminated
    mineral crusts at Carpenter’s Gap, an archaeological site in tropical Australia. Geoarchaeology 16, 803-824.
  54. WATCHMAN, A., G.L. WALSH, M.J. MORWOOD and C. TUNIZ 1997. AMS radiocarbon age estimates for early rock paintings in
    the Kimberley, N.W. Australia: Preliminary results. Rock Art Research 14(1), 18-26.
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